← CONDITIONS
Alopecia Areata
Alopecia Areata
When the Immune System Misidentifies Hair Follicles as a Threat
Type
Autoimmune condition
Presentation
Patchy, circular hair loss
Affects
All ages, both sexes equally
Recurrence
Can be episodic
Alopecia areata is an autoimmune condition in which the body's immune system mistakenly targets its own hair follicles, causing them to enter a prolonged resting phase and stop producing hair. Unlike androgenetic alopecia, which is driven by hormones, alopecia areata is immune-mediated — and it can affect anyone, at any age, regardless of sex or family history, though genetic predisposition does play a role.
It typically presents as one or more smooth, circular or oval patches of hair loss on the scalp, though it can affect any hair-bearing area of the body. In most cases the patches are sudden and unexpected — clients describe noticing them in the mirror or being told by a hairdresser. The condition can remain localised to a few patches (alopecia areata patchy), progress to complete scalp hair loss (alopecia totalis), or in rare cases affect hair across the entire body (alopecia universalis). Stress is a well-documented trigger for flares, though it does not cause the condition itself.
Because alopecia areata involves immune dysregulation rather than follicular damage, the follicles themselves remain alive beneath the surface — which is why spontaneous regrowth does occur in many cases, and why treatment that modulates the immune response and supports follicular recovery can be highly effective. Inflammation management is central to the treatment approach, alongside regenerative therapies that support follicular re-entry into the growth phase.
Autoimmune Hair Loss
Sudden, well-defined circular patches of hair loss
Exclamation mark hairs at patch borders (trichoscopy sign)
Yellow dots visible under trichoscopy at follicular openings
Tingling, itching, or mild tenderness before patches appear
Nail pitting or ridging (in some cases)
Anti-inflammatory scalp therapy to calm immune activity
PRP to stimulate follicular re-entry into anagen phase
Exosome therapy for immunomodulatory signalling support
SMP for long-standing patches or advanced cases
Referral for systemic treatment if clinically indicated
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